考试信息
●考试时间150分钟
●试卷满分100分
试题类型
第一部分:
〉〉选择题(10题,每道题2分)
第二部分:非选择题
〉〉填空题(10题,每道题1分)
〉〉判断题(10题,每道题2分)
〉〉名词解释(10题,每道题3分)
〉〉论述题(2题,每道题10分)
考试范围--现代语言学(1999年版)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Phonology
Chapter 3 Morphology
Chapter 4 Syntax
Chapter 5 Sematics
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics
Chapter 10 Language Acquisition
学习方法和记忆重点
1.重点词/词对的定义熟练背诵
比如:Morpheme/Broca's Area;
2.相关/相对应概念区分理解
比如:Langue&parole;
3.重要研究者/研究阶段/研究进展熟练记忆
比如:Chomsky/Sapir-Whorf;
4.明确知道每一章的研究内容是干什么的,能充分理解&用自己的话表述
比如Linguistic/Phonology/Morphology/Syntax等。
What is linguistics?
●最早期,不同国家的人是怎么使用不同的语言沟通交流的?
●我们学习英语,会仔细学习语法/时态/倒装句/祈使句等等,那我们最初学习中文也是按照英文的方式这么学的吗?
●不同的语言,是如何被记录、总结、归纳出规律,便于大家习得的呢?
1.1 The Definition of Linguistics 语言学的定义
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。
>>语言学是对所有语言的研究,而不是针对某一门语言。
(Linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.)
>>科学地研究需要在一般语言框架指导下,基于数据进行系统研究。
(A scientific study of language is based on thesystematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to somegeneral theory of language structure.)
>>语言学研究过程
1.观察语言材料,发现共识&总结
(certainlinguistic facts are observed, which are found to display some similarities, andgeneralizations are made about them)
2.基于共识&总结提出假设来解释语言材料
(hypotheses are formulated toaccount for these facts based on these generalizations)
3.观察&验证假设
(thehypotheses are tested by further observations)
4.建立语言学理论来说明语言的本质&其如何运转
(a linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works)
1.2 The Scope of linguistics 语言学研究范畴
1.The study of language as a whole is often calledgeneral linguistics.
把语言作为整体进行全面的语言研究,称为普通语言学。
2.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics calledphonetics.
对于语言交流过程中的声音现象研究,构成了一个语言学的基础分支--语音学。
3.As linguists became interested in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication, they developed another branch of study related to sounds calledphonology.
随着语言学家对声音现象在交际中的结合和传递意义研究的深入,他们创建了另一个和声音相关的语言学分支--音系学。
4.While sounds are primary in linguistic communication, they are represented by certain symbols, i.e., words and even smaller components called morphemes. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study calledmorphology.
语音虽然重要,但是在语言交际中是由一些符号来代表的,比如单词是由更小的词素构成。对这些符号是如何排列组合构成单词的研究,构成了语言学的另一个分支--形态学。
5.The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies, i.e.,syntax.
单词需要遵循一定的规则才可以构成有意义的语句。对这些规则对研究构成了语言学另一个主要分支--句法学。
6.The study of meaning was gradually developed and became known assemantics.
对于语言意义的研究,构成了语义学。
7.When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study calledpragmatics.
当我们对语言意义对研究,不是脱离语境孤立地进行,而是基于实际使用地语境中时,构成了语言学地另一个分支--语用学。
8.The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics.
对语言的社会特点和社会关系的研究,构成了另一个语言学核心分支--社会语言学。
9.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology.
对语言和心理关系对研究,构成了心理语言学。
10.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.
语言学的研究发现常常被用于一些实际问题,比如语言能力的恢复。
这种对语言学应用的研究,通常称为应用语言学。