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　　1.Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate（强调）contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature.

　　大喜剧家们认为真理需要各种启示，因此他们开始强调社会活动中的各种矛盾，而不是掩饰或者通过非社会象征的神圣结局和喜剧目的、自然规律来超越它。

　　2.The hydrologic（水文地质的）cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation（降水（量））, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration（散发）。

　　水文地质循环是这一科学里面的一个重要课题，它是水的完全循环过程。这一过程从水蒸汽开始中，以降水量的形式成为液态或者固态水，这样就到了地表，更后又通过蒸发或者散发方式回到水蒸汽的状态。

　　3.My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage. a heritage that. in general. has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

　　我认为它的关键意识——它对于阶级和性的深远理解对人们的生活有着重要影响——很大程度上归功于文化遗产，总的来说，当代的文艺批评家并未对此给予足够评价。

　　4.In the early 1950‘s historians who studies preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite（精华）： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates（要人）who had hitherto（迄今）usually filled history books.

　　早在20世纪50年代，许多研究前工业时代欧洲（我们可将其粗略定义为1300年至1800年间的欧洲）的历史学家们开始研究更多的欧洲人群，而不仅仅局在只占人口总数2%到3%的那些至今还充斥着历史书籍的政治、社会、精英人物：国王、将军、法官、贵族主教和地方要人。

　　5.The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian（农民）discontent（不满）that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated（加速）by the closing of the internal frontier-that is, the depletion（枯竭）of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.

　　历史学家Frederick J Tuner在19世纪90年代写道：自1870年以来美国农民的不满一直在缓慢增长，直到1870年关闭了内部前沿以后就被加速了——就是说，用于扩张农业系统的新土地资源已经枯竭了。

　　6.Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beure‘s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

　　Fallois提出Proust 1908年就开始写小说了，因为Saint-Beure对于写作的真实性质的忽视，他把小说放置了。后来开始流行个人回忆录和科幻小说，这些东西和小说一起稳步地发展。

　　7.The best evidence for the layered mantle（地幔）thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes（地柱）arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

　　分层地幔的更好证据就是在海岛上发现的火山岩这一明显的事实。岛屿被认为是从低层地幔升起的地柱形成的，它构成的基本成份与海中的山脊系统根本不同，许多地质学家认为它起源于上层地幔。

　　8.In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed.

　　1838年10月，我随便读了《马尔萨散人口论》，很欣赏书的到处都有的生存竞争，经过对动物和植物生存习性的长期观察，忽然想到这种环境下，有利于生存的变化被保留了，而不利于生存变化被消除了。